The Rise of the Y2K Bug essays

The Rise of the Y2K Bug articles The Y2K issue is what could be compared to the El Ni At the point when I was in the main evaluation, my grade school put resources into a few PCs and began Introduction to Computers classes. I played math games and drawing with craftsmanship programs, in stunningness of, and marginally scared by the savage bit of innovation before me. I had little thought of how it functioned, and even less of a thought of what was available. Throughout the years, the mechanical world has progressed quickly, and people have come to depend on PCs for pretty much every part of day by day lifefrom instruction, to correspondence, to banking, to power, we rely upon innovation. The Y2K bug is by all accounts a horrible update that our innovation is only a tangled association of blemished, indiscriminate frameworks we have come to let run our lives. The Year 2000, or Y2K issue is brought about by an easy route imbedded into numerous PCs and microchips. During the 1960s, to save what was then valuable and costly memory space, software engineers abbreviated the four-digit year to utilize a considerably more practical two-digit methodfor model, 78 would mean 1978. Lamentably, PCs and microchips that despite everything utilize a two-number year will perceive 00 as the year 1900, not as 2000. When utilizing information including dates, the difficult will cause disappointments in number juggling, and can degenerate databases with off base data. These kinds of computations are essential in frameworks including authoritative data, booking, and charging. An announcement gave by the President's Council on the Year 2000 Conversion expresses: This [Y2K bug] could cause [computers] to either close down or create erroneous information. In our electronic data subordinate society, that could be a major issue. At the time the two-digit year was first utilized in PC programming, nobody tended to or was pr... <!

Paul Cezanne,post impressiont artist.His bibliography and works Essay

Paul Cezanne,post impressiont artist.His book index and works - Essay Example This paper examines inside and out about the list of sources of Paul Cezanne and his works in the field of craftsmanship. Paul Cezanne was conceived in 1839 by a single parent who later got hitched to his dad when Paul was at five years old. This partition of his folks at his youthful age marked him with shame of wrongness causing him uneasiness. At 13 years old, Paul went to Bourbon College where he met Emile Zola. His chance to go to class was the starting purpose of his long life dream and achievement. He constantly went to drawing classes at a close by institute when he originated from school. This caused him to long for all the more drawing abilities and gave him the craving to turn into a notable artist2. His bygone era buddy, Emile Zola, despite everything supported him while he was at Paris. He continued inspiring him through letters to move to Paris and further his expertise in painting. His dad who was a fruitful representative never affirmed of his son’s want to turn into a craftsman. He pushed Paul to handbag law, which he did and performed amazingly superb in his first assessments. Cezanne’s awkward relationship with his dad made him incapable to move toward him in regards to his fantasy and enthusiasm of craftsmanship. Be that as it may, his longing to move to Paris overpowered is dread upon his dad and he proceeded to inform him regarding his plans3. To his failure, his goal to leave for Paris and further his craft was met with scorn. He dropped out of school and his dad lost expectation in convincing him to proceed with his law classes. He at that point offered him some cash to provide food for his costs at Paris. Life at Paris was not in the least smooth for Paul Cezanne. He bombed in his placement tests and the most harming point was the dismissal of his artworks. He totally lost expectation in his fantasy as a craftsman and returned home lamenting why he had discolored his father’s fantasy about needing him to contemplate law. Be that as it may, to be effective, an individual needs to battle and endure in spite of the

APA Essay Sample - Presentation to Attract

APA Essay Sample - Presentation to AttractIf you are looking for a good essay to use as an example in your APA research paper, then you need to take a look at the APA essay sample. The key words here are 'attractive'interesting' as the sample does a great job at presenting both.The APA essay sample is presented in an easy to read format. This means that you don't have to spend a lot of time studying the details. Instead, you can just read the examples and get a feel for what the examples should be like.Unlike other writing samples out there, this essay also offers examples from actual student work. For example, if a student presented a problem in their student essay that was based on the work of some famous writer, this type of writing sample would also include examples from that particular student's work. You can check out the examples in the sample to see if they match up with your own written work.The examples are presented with the same presentation that a real writer would give. That means that the authorial voice, tone, and emotions of the examples are present throughout the whole presentation. This is something that every real writer should be doing.A lot of the same techniques that are used by a real author to write student research essays can also be used in the examples. For example, sentences and paragraphs are separated by various punctuation marks. In addition, a lot of the text within the example is different from that which is found in the other kinds of research papers.Although the examples are presented in an attractive way, you do have to consider how well the examples fit into your research topic. This is where you have to make sure that you do your research and that you get a good feel for what the examples are going to be like in your own research. Sometimes this can be difficult, but it can be done.These examples are a great place to start when looking for a research paper. Not only are they attractive, but they also have been written with a purpose in mind. This means that they have been designed so that they will be appealing to a wide variety of readers.The best thing about these examples is that they are presented in such a way that they will help you come up with a very good research paper. A good writer will make the examples work for them.

Reconstruction Of The Civil War - 1541 Words

When people think about Reconstruction what comes to their minds first is the rebuilding of the Union. For all intents and purposes, the years between 1865 and 1877 following the Civil War were about the reunification of the Northern and the Southern states and the government’s attempt to return everything back to normalcy. This time was about letting the southern states join the United States again. However the issue that was also happening at the time was the issue of emancipation. After the Civil War, black slaves were freed and made American citizens. However, as proven by history, the struggles of black people were only just beginning. During this period of Reconstruction, black people would face many obstacles and challenges as they integrated into American life. Indeed, the hate crimes and attempts by the government and the media to dehumanize black people was rampant during this time. In the year 1874 Thomas Nast had his editorial cartoon â€Å"The Union as it was: T he lost cause, worse than slavery† published in Harper’s Weekly (Appendix). The piece was originally a wooden engraving, now printed in this magazine in order to reach a wider audience for his statement on the current state of black life in America. Seen in the image is a member of the Ku Klux Klan shaking hands with a man representing â€Å"The White League.† Both are members of white hate groups. In between them are a black father and mother drawn in the middle of a shield who are grieving over a (possiblyShow MoreRelatedReconstruction Of The Civil War1108 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica’s Mindset Although the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the Reconstruction brought great hope to America’s four million former slaves, the efforts of Congressional Reconstruction ultimately failed to establish equal rights for the freedmen because the racist mindset still dominated American society at the time and Democratic influence steadily overcame Republican control in Congress. Despite the Union’s victory, the end of the Civil War brought many significant national problemsRead MoreThe Civil War and Reconstruction1315 Words   |  5 Pages Reconstruction The main issue between the states that seceded from the Union and those that remained in the former unity was that of states rights, of which the right for citizens to own slaves was of primary concern. It is often argued that one or the other was the main reason for the conflict, but they both played a major part because the people of the Northern United States and the Southern states of the nation lived such different lives. It is true that people in the North had owned slavesRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War951 Words   |  4 PagesHistory 11 7 May 2015 Reconstruction In the beginning of 1865, the Civil War came to a close, abandoning over 620,000 dead and a destructive path of devastating all over the south. The North now was confronted with the task of reconstructing the destroyed and aggrieved Confederate states. On April 11, two days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s submission, President Abraham Lincoln delivered his last public address, during which he designated a merciful Reconstruction plans and encouraged sympathyRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War847 Words   |  4 Pages Microtheme One - Reconstruction The Reconstruction happened in period following the end of the American Civil and the main goal was to reintegrate the Southern Confederate States back into the Union after they had been defeated by the Union (Northern States). As would be expected, the process was met with many challenges as the interests of both groups had to be addressed. There was debate over the terms under which the Confederate States would be allowed back into the Union, and whether it wasRead MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction977 Words   |  4 Pagescalled the Reconstruction period â€Å"America’s Second Revolution†, his characterization was correct. Reconstruction can be viewed as a revolution because the previous social order, slavery, was replaced suddenly by a more favorable one, freedom for African-Americans. There was a long period of politicization for incorporating free African-Americans into white society. Reconstruction also revolutionized the preconceived notion that the states ha d autonomous power. The Civil War and Reconstruction were revolutionaryRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War1560 Words   |  7 PagesPrior to the Civil War, the United States’ economy was essentially agricultural based; slavery in the South was the key player in its prosperous economy. Hence, it is no wonder the South stood in defense of slavery’s permanence when challenged with the demand for abolition. The Southern proslavery Confederate states fought against the Northern antislavery Union states during the Civil War. The Union prevailed in the war and once the Confederates seceded and left the United States with a new predicament:Read MoreThe Civil War : The Reconstruction1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe civil war ended in 1865 and what followed was a kerfuffle, otherwise known as â€Å"The Reconstruction.† This was a period of violence and turbulent controversy ranging from racial issues to economic problems. In the book Reconstruction, Eric Foner wrote that â€Å"When the Civil War ended, the white South genuinely accepted the reality of military defeat, stood ready to do justice to the emancipated slaves, and desired above all a quick reintegration into the fabric of national life. Before his deathRead MoreCivil War Reconstruction1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe period after the Civil War was a very difficult time in the United States history. This time was known as the Reconstruction period and it was a very controversial time. There were many issues that had to be addressed such as what to do with the free blacks in the south and how states would be readmitted to the Union. This era saw the rise of the Radical Republicans. The government was going through changes, southerners were going through changes, and blacks were going through changes. WhitesRead MoreReconstruction Of The Civil War1054 Words   |  5 Pages As the civil war was ending many people could see that the odds of th e north winning increased dramatically however many people can argue this idea based on the several events that took place during the second phase of the civil war. Carl Schurz concluded, â€Å"The Civil War was a revolution, but half accomplished.†(Roark et al 434) Reconstruction started before the civil war ended until 1877, when people of the United States tried figuring out how to put the country back together. Many people hadRead MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction1357 Words   |  6 PagesCivil War/ Reconstruction - Following the Civil War, the United States underwent a huge process of reconstruction to unifying and reconstructing the war-torn state. The nation still remained utterly divided between North and South in essentially all aspects of life including religion, race, and government. President Andrew Johnson,who succeeded President Abraham Lincoln enacted various policies in order to unite the country. These policies included friendly policies that pardon ed Southerners while

Biblical Character Analysis Apostle Paul - 1299 Words

Biblical Character Analysis: For several years now, various studies have been conducted to examine the leadership of Apostle Paul who wrote about two-thirds of the New Testament and was integral in the founding of the early church. As a leader, Apostle Paul experienced several issues when dealing with different people and handled the issues differently to achieve the results that he wanted. The apostle is renowned as an outstanding leader in both the Christian and secular worlds to an extent that he is considered as one of the greatest leaders of all time. The reason for his status as one of the greatest leaders is because he exercised incomparable influence on the lives of the different publics he was dealing with. Its evident that Apostle Paul understood influence to be one of the greatest leadership skills or qualities. Issues Paul faced as a Leader: Due to his leadership skills and qualities, Apostle Paul was a basic New Testament letter-writer, a preacher of free grace, and a pioneer missionary. In addition to possessing the ability to influence various publics, Apostle Paul had other outstanding leadership skills and characteristics. These characteristics and skills have become essential to many leaders today, especially Christian leaders who Paul urges to imitate or follow his example. Throughout his life, he demonstrated the use of situational leadership in trying to instill values that he considered to be important. He adapted several approaches to leadingShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing Titus 1 A Pastoral Epistle Written By Apostle Paul1741 Words   |  7 Pagesto incorporate a biblical ethical component to their leadership practices, it is hoped that good ethical leader succession will be duplicated. This applied exegetical paper will utilize a socio-rhetorical criticism approach to convey what wa s expected of the early church leaders and how those expectations can relate to modern leaders. I will analyze Titus 1 a Pastoral Epistle written by Apostle Paul through the process of Social and Cultural Texture analysis. Then, the analysis will explore theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem If I Were Paul 858 Words   |  4 PagesIntercession: an interposing or pleading on behalf of another person. In Mark Jarman s poem, If I Were Paul, the speaker displays many changes in tone and diction to illustrate the crux of his ideology. The first three stanzas are completely exalting in their nature. The speaker uses three distinct categories to do this: creation of a being, virtue of an idea, and discovery of an object, and each of the first stanzas are devoted to one of these topics. Each of these subsets are purposefullyRead MoreThe Calling of Saul of Tarsus837 Words   |  4 PagesThe â€Å"Calling† of Saul of Tarsus Keith Vann Liberty University â€Æ' The â€Å"Calling† of Saul of Tarsus Hedrick, Charles W. â€Å"Paul’s Conversion/Call: A Comparative Analysis of the Three Reports in Acts.† Journal of Biblical Literature 100, no. 3 (September 1981): 415–432. Of great significance is the fact that Saul’s conversion experience is recounted three times in Acts. Scholars note this as being an important fact regarding the writings. The imagery of blindness is brought to the forefront. Read MoreEven Today, In Some Countries, A Political Leader Who Refuses1207 Words   |  5 Pagessome countries, a political leader who refuses to accept Christ will punish others who do because of the â€Å"backer† of their relentless faith. The same rule applies today because; an individual bearing their own cross will face political challenges. Paul states in Philippians 4:11c â€Å"I have learned to be content in whatever circumstances I am in,† which alludes to suffering. Eschatologically the pain will end one day because to live as a Christian is to die as Christian. Jesus suffered on the crossRead MoreSaul of Tarsus2681 Words   |  11 Pagesdebt of gratitude to the Apostle Paul for his courage and obedience in answering the â€Å"call† of God. The spontaneous response to this call has a direct impact on Christians, Jews and non-Jews all over the world. The reason Saul’s call was so important was because it was a fulfillment of Jesus’s Great Commission. Saul’s pedigree as well as his character made him the least likely candidate to become one of the greatest Apostles to the Gentiles. This paper will examine who Paul of Tarsus was, the importanceRead MoreCritical Analysis: Letter from Birmingham Jail1191 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis Essay â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† In arguing, writers use different techniques to effectively convey their message to their intended audience. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail was a response to A Call for Unity by eight white clergymen in which King’s presence in Birmingham and his methods of public demonstration were questioned. King’s letter was not only a response to his presence in Birmingham, but he also used the opportunity to address theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Letter from Birmingham Jail W/ Focus on Ethos1587 Words   |  7 PagesMLK Letter From Birmingham Jail Rhetorical Analysis- w/ focus on Ethos â€Å"...we are now confronted by a series of demonstrations by some of our Negro citizens, directed and led in part by outsiders†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this quote, from the third paragraph of the letter written by eight Alabama clergymen, the term outsiders is used. Early on, this creates a label for Martin Luther King, outsider. Throughout his Letter From Birmingham Jail, King is able appeal to ethos in order to refute his title of â€Å"outsider†Read More Analysis of Letter from Birmingham by Martin Luther King Jr.937 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Letter from Birmingham by Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr., is one of the most recognized, if not the greatest civil rights activist in this century. He has written papers and given speeches on the civil rights movement, but one piece stands out as one of his best writings. â€Å"Letter from Birmingham† was an intriguing letter written by King in jail in the city of Birmingham, Alabama. He was responding to a letter written by eight Alabama Clergyman that was publishedRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln924 Words   |  4 Pagesof view. Comparatively, in Martin Luther King Jr. Letter From Birmingham Jail, he emphasizes, the gospel of freedom through biblical references: I am in Birmingham because injustices is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C left their villages and carried their â€Å"thus saith the Lord† far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, So am I compelledRead MoreJUSTIFICATION BY FAITH3135 Words   |  13 Pagesthe Apostle Paul in Romans 1:17 where he starts by introducing God’s revelation to humankind concerning unrighteousness: That this was a God-given revelation in the beginning and throughout man’s history (faith to faith) within the â€Å"Gentile’s law of nature and the Jews law of Moses. However, Paul further exclaims, â€Å"that neither of them could be justified by their obedience to the respective laws under which they were, but that they both stood in need of the righteousness of God.† [1] As Paul is

Analysis of Domestic Water Consumption Free Essays

TECHNICAL REPORT OF STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME(SIWES) WITH ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL(AMAC)ABUJA PESENTED BY ADEYEMI ISAAC SHOLA UJ/2008/EV/0222 SUBMMITED TO THE DEPARTMENT OFGEOGRAPHY AND PLANNING FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES,UNIVERSITY OF JOS IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B. Sc Hons)DEGREE PROGRAMME IN GEOGRAPHY AND PLANNING. NOVEMBER, 2012. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Domestic Water Consumption or any similar topic only for you Order Now DEDICATION This report is dedicated to God Almighty my creator. To my parents, Mr. Mrs. ADEYEMI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere gratitude goes to God almighty for his guidance and grace given to me throughout my six month industrial training. I remain grateful to my parents for their effort and support towards my education. My gratitude also goes to my departmental supervisors Mrs. L. S Rikko and Mrs. Simi, for setting out time to come and see us in our place of primary assignment. I want to thank my industrial based supervisor Mr. Ali Adamu and the entire staff of the zonal planning office for their assistance. Much gratitude goes to my head of department and to all the staff of the department of geography and planning, university of Jos. Finally, I want to say thank you to all my friends who have been of great encouragement to me throughout this period, I remain grateful. ABSTRACT The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a program which has been organized by the federal government through the industrial training und (ITF) for Nigeria institutions in order to enlighten the students on the usage of equipment and professional practice in their different fields of study. In fulfillment of my study as a geography and planning students, I carried out my six month industrial training in the survey and planning unit office Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC), located at area 10 Garki, Abuja. This report comprises of the organization chart of Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA), urban and regi onal planning department and also Abuja Municipal Area Council(AMAC). his report also contains the functions of the zonal planning office, functions of the urban and regional planning department and also the activities I participated in and experiences I gained. Some of the problems encountered during the exercise and possible solutions, were not left out. In conclusion I recommended ways of improving the program and also support of the program by the federal government. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract CHAPTER ONE 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Industrial Training Fund 1. Brief History of SIWES 1. 3 Objectives of SIWES 1. 4 Relevance of SIWES to Urban and Regional Planning CHAPTER ONE 1. 0 INTRODUCTION The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme is a program which involves the students, the universities and the industry. The siwes forms a part of the approved minimum academic standards in various degree program in Nigerian universities. The scheme is funde d by the Federal Government of Nigeria and is coordinated by the Industrial Training Fund and the National Universities Commission (NUC 1996). The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme, bridges the gap between theory and practice and also it is aimed at exposing students to machines and equipments, professional work methods and ways of safe guarding work areas and organizations. This report contains the work undertaken, new knowledge learnt and problems encountered by the student during the six months industrial training in zonal planning office Abuja municipal area council located at area 10 Garki, Abuja. Solution to the problem are also included. 1. 1 INDUSTRIAL TRAINNING FUND(ITF) The industrial training fund was established in 1971 as a man power development agency for the federal government of Nigeria. The provision of decree 47 of 8th October 1971,empower industrial training fund (ITF) to promote and encourage the acquisition of skills in industry and co mmerce with a view to generate pool of indigenous trained manpower sufficient to meet the needs of the Nigeria economy. A clause was invented by the ITF in 1978 in the policy statement no. 1 dealing with issues of practical skills among locally trained professionals. Selection 15 of the policy, states that internal emphasis will be place on certain product of post-secondary to adopt or orientate easily on their possible post-graduation for environment. 1. 2 BRIEF HISTORY OF STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME(SIWES) The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) came into being with the establishment of industrial training fund (ITF) by the federal government of Nigeria in 1973 under the degree of 47 of 1971 in other to boost indigenous capacity of the nation’s industrial need. This was brought about by the federal ministry of commerce and industries, finance, education in collaboration with NUC and board of technical education (NUBTE) who thought that the main aim of training and exposing students to industrial fields is to give them practical knowledge of what they have been thought in their respective courses. The first started on the 8th of October 1974 with few number of students from different institutions which later increased to a large number of students in tertiary institutions nationwide. 1. 3 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES To provide an avenue for students in Nigeria Universities to acquire industrial skills and experience in their course of study. 2 To prepare students on anticipated working situations after graduation. 3 To expose students to working methods and techniques in handling equipments and machinery that are not available in their various institution. 4 It enhances students contacts for later job placement. 1. 4 RELEVANCE OF SIWES TO URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING Planning is not complete until the job carried out on paper is transferred to the ground. his program gives students the opportunity of seeing work design on paper presented and transferred on ground. it also help in promoting social interaction and appreciating planning in practice and administration and relating with other allied professionals in planning. 1. 5 HISTORY OF FEDERAL CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY Federal capital development authority (FCDA) is parastatals under the federal capital territory administration (FCTA) charged with the responsibility of building and developing the federal capital territory. Federal capital development authority (FCDA) was established in April 1976 by degree No 6 of 1976. Federal capital development authority comprises of 10 departments namely: Abuja metropolitan management council (AMMC), Engineering, survey and mapping, resettlement and compensation, finance and administration, mass housing, satellite town infrastructure, urban and regional planning, public building and procurement department. (chart of FCDA). 1. 6 HISTORY OF ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL The evolution of Abuja Municipal area council could be trace to its creation as development area on the 1st of October 1984. in 1987, on the recommendation of the Ahmadu Bello University consultancy group it assumed the full status of local Government (area council). The area council secretariat has different departments such as health, works department, legal department, revenue, Abuja environmental protection board. Location/population Abuja municipal area council is located on the eastern wing of the federal capital territory. t is bounded on the east by Nasarawa state,on the west by kuje area council , North- west by Gwagwalada and on the North by Bwari area council. The last demographic report by the national population commission indicated that the population of the area council stood at 309,306. However it is important to note that the population figure may double this number as the area council is daily experiencing influx of people. The people Abuja municipal area council ha s the following ethnic groups: gbagyi, gwandara,koro, gade. he main gbagyi settlements in amac include the following:karu, nyanya, durumi,garki, keffi,kabasa, mabushi, jabi, lugbe, idu, toge, hulumi, pyakasa, jikwoyi, kuduru, orozo, maitama and asokoro areas. the gwandara people can be found in places like karshi, jiwa, awagwa, karmo and idu. The area council besides the city caters for the needs of over 49 communities each presided by village heads. Besides that, the area council has twelve political wards namely:City centre, Wuse,Gwarinpa, Garki, Kabusa, Gui, Gwagwa karshi, Orozo, Karu and Nyanya. (org chart of AMAC). CHAPTER TWO This chapter consist of basically the administrative work, assingment, fieldwork and lectures recived during the cause of my industrial training at Abuja Municipal Area Council. 2. 0 ADMINSTRATIVE WORK/ASSINGMENTS RECORDING OF INCOMING AND OUTGOING FILES: This is as a result of a complaint been brought to the planning office, in most cases it is a problem of encroachment. This complaint is been filed and taken to the planning and survey unit. My supervisor gives me this file to record into a booklet the file number, the date it was filed, the nature of the complaint. An outgoing file is a file I record which have already been treated. CONFIRMATION OF PLOT NUMBERS ON LAYOUTS: This is an exercise given to me by my supervisor. This entails the checking out of the plot numbers on a specific layout to confirm whether the plot exist in the layout and also to verify the total number of plots on a some layout which includes Apo extension II, Jikoyi village Intergration layout. ASSINGMENTS Some assingments were given to me by my supervisor which I carried out. This assingments includes; defination and type of scales and difference between geography and planning and urban and regional planning. DEFINATION OF SCALE: A scale can be defined as the ratio between the distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the earth surface. TYPES OF SCALES Representative Fraction: This type of scale is a fraction that expresses the mathematical relationship between map and the land such as 1:50,000 which is 1 map unit is equal to 50,000 units. Statement Scale: This is represented in form of a statement that a given distance on the earth equals a given measure on the chart or vice versa. Example 2cm represents 1km. Linear Scale: this shows directly on the map and the corresponding grounddistance. How to cite Analysis of Domestic Water Consumption, Papers

Specific heat of solids Essay Example For Students

Specific heat of solids Essay The objective of the study is to explain, measure and better understand the specific heat of copper and lead using the method of mixtures. Heat is a form of energy it is either expressed in joules, calories, or kilo-calories According to the law formulated by the French chemists Pierre Louis Dulong and Alexis Thrse Petit, the specific heat of solids which is characterized as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance to one degree Celsius specimens are inversely proportional to their atomic weights; that is, the specific heat multiplied by the atomic weight is approximately a constant quantity for all the solid elements. (http://encarta.msn.com). The heat capacity C of an object is defined as c= Q/m?T, where Q is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of the object by T. The specific heat c of a substance is the heat capacity per unit mass. The specific heat is measured in J/kgoC or cal/goC or kcal/kgoC. Suppose we have two objects, one hot and one cold. Let m1 and m2 be the masses of the hot and cold objects,T1 and T2 be the temperatures of the hot and cold objects, a nd c1 and c2 be their specific heats respectively. These two objects are brought into thermal contact with each other and allowed to reach a common final equilibrium temperature T3. We are assuming the system to be thermally insulated from the surroundings. According to conservation of energy, the heat gained by the cold object would equal the heat lost by the hot object. For this experiment, consider your system to consist of mixing a given mass m1 of a ?hot specimen with specific heat c1 at temperature T1 and a known mass m2 of water with specific heat c2 at a lower temperature T2 contained in a calorimeter of mass m3 with specific heat c3 also initially at temperature T2. Once again, we assume the system to be thermally insulated from the surroundings, and the heat capacity of the thermometer, which records the temperature, can be neglected. Let the final temperature of the mixture be T3. Energy conservation gives:Qlost(specimen) = Qgained(Water) + Qgained(Calorimeter)which yield s the unknown specific heat c1 of the specimen asWe assume that the mixing can be done without loss of heat by the hot specimen to the surroundings. We will write a custom essay on Specific heat of solids specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will consider a specimen heated to a high temperature is dropped into water contained in a calorimeter cup at a lower temperature. If this system is thermally insulated from the surroundings, the specific heat of the specimen can be determined by equating the heat lost by the metal to the heat gained by both the calorimeter cup and the water contained in it. (http://www.physics1.howard.edu/MSIP/GenLab1/GL1-10.pdf )The initial masses of boiler dipper, copper, lead, dipper and shots, inner vessel with water, and water are measured and recorded. The specimens (copper/lead) are heated and the initial temperatures are recorded after which, it is dropped in the calorimeter containing cold water. The temperature rise of the water in the calorimeter is observed and recorded. From the data gathered, the specific heat of the specimen can be known through the formula stated above. Mass of Dipper and Shots,m2 (gm)320280Mass of inner vessel w/ water,m3 (gm)220220Mass of water, mw=m3-mc (gm)165165Temperature of hot shots,T1 (oC)8384Initial Temperature of System, T2 (oC) 2221Final temperature of system,T3 (oC)2626Specific heat of water,cw (cal/gmoC)1.001.00Specific heat of specimen,cw (cal/gmoC)(Experimental)0.0520.072Specific heat of specimen (cal/gmoc) (standard)0.0360.092 Qlost(specimen) = Qgained(Water) + Qgained(Calorimeter) ms(T1 ? T3) cs = ((1)(165)+(0.215)(55))(26-21)% ERROR = / Standard ? Experimental/ x 100% StandardBased on the data above, I can say that the specific heat of material differ depending on the kind of substance. The specific heat for copper for example, after the experiment, became 0.052 cal/gmoC while on the other hand; the lead?s specific heat became 0.072 cal/gmoC. The 2 solids have achieved different results even though the procedure done for both was the same. This is because the different specimens differ in tolerance when heat is c oncerned. Therefore, the required amount of heat needed to change the temperature of a unit mass of substance by one degree also varies. .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a , .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a .postImageUrl , .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a , .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a:hover , .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a:visited , .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a:active { border:0!important; } .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a:active , .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u51ef9fb970a7cfcc1bd98dad5093ba2a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why do people help others? EssayAlthough the method mixture is an effective way to measure the specific heat of a given specimen, it is not entirely accurate. The errors in the experiment were primarily due to outside factors such as the wind, weather, etc. Also, the stirrer of the calorimeter added to the mass of the calorimeter which provided inaccuracy in measurement. In conclusion, I can say that the method of mixtures is a simple but an effective way to compute for the specific heat of specimens. In addition, the experiment helped clarify the concept of specific heat. I have learned that the specific heat is the amount of heat required by an object for it to change its temperature by a certain amount usually by one degree. This was shown when the specimens were transferred from one container to another that differed in temperature.1. The thermometer also gains some of the heat. Neglecting the heat capacity of the thermometer, it causes inaccuracy in the measurement of specific heat. Cs = ((200)(1)+(100)(0.092))(22-20))Bibliography: